Zhangzhou Ware and Swatow Ware
Unusual size Swatow ware bowl, while most Swatow wares are represented by large dishes. Provincial export ware from the Wanli period (1573-1620), at end of the Ming dynasty. At least one kiln producing wares of this rough kind have now been discovered in Zhangzhou prefecture in Fujian province why the name Zhangzhou ware is now preferred by many Chinese scholars, while it does not covers all porcelain recognized in the West as Swatow type. Photo courtesy of: Ron Leidelmeyer
Zhangzhou Ware and Swatow Ware are terms that relate to Chinese export ceramics, primarily produced during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Both types of ware are intricately connected, often leading to some confusion in their classification.
Zhangzhou Ware
- Origin: Originates from the Zhangzhou region in Fujian Province, China, an important center for the production of export ceramics.
- Characteristics: Known for its rustic appearance with underglaze blue decorations and sometimes polychrome designs. Motifs often include floral patterns, animals, and human figures.
- Audience: Produced for both the domestic Chinese market and export, particularly to Southeast Asian countries.
Swatow Ware
- Terminology: The term "Swatow ware" is used to describe a style of Chinese export porcelain, named misleadingly after the port of Shantou (Swatow) which wasn't the primary source of these ceramics.
- Characteristics: Features bold, vibrant underglaze blue and overglaze enamel designs, often large and heavily potted, intended mainly for export to Southeast Asia and Europe.
- Connection to Zhangzhou: Swatow ware includes a broader range of late Ming export ceramics, including those from Zhangzhou. Zhangzhou ware thus falls under the broader category historically classified as Swatow ware.
The relationship between Zhangzhou ware and Swatow ware highlights the complexities in classifying historical ceramics based on origin, style, and market. Essentially, Zhangzhou ware represents a subset of what was historically termed Swatow ware, with modern scholarship preferring more precise geographical and stylistic categorizations.
"Swatow" wares were exported in large quantities to Europe, the Near East, and Southeast Asia; they were among the ceramics that were found in the cargo of the Witte Leeuw, a Dutch ship that sank in 1613 near St. Helena.
Examples of Swatow wares are in the British Museum, (Valenstein, Susan, Dish No. 198), purchased in the former port of Shantou, or Swatow, in the 1930s.